Hieroglyphics Expose A Contradiction

Hieroglyphics Expose A Contradiction 

As time progresses, so does our knowledge of history. Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. A time in life where societies and civilizations were blossoming. A place of beautiful architecture from the great sphinx of Giza built around 2500 BC to the complex of ancient monuments of the Pyramids of Giza which has been one of the Seven wonders of the world for many years with it's structure still standing to this very day since 2630 BC. Ancient Egypt is one of six civilizations to arise independently. Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3150 BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology) with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh Narmer (commonly referred to as Menes). The history of ancient Egypt occurred in a series of stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age. Egypt left a lasting legacy. Its art and architecture were widely copied, and its antiquities carried off all around the globe. None the less, we come to The Bible. Using archaeological hieroglyphic discoveries which proves that The Bible contains yet another contradiction as it has not been able to distinguish the difference between a King and a Pharaoh. 

 The word ‘Pharaoh’ is a title that originates from the Egyptian term ‘per-aa’, literally “great house”, describing the royal palace. Historically, however, “Pharaoh” only started being used as a title for the king much later in Egyptian history, during the New Kingdom period according to Dodson, in his book "The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson." 
Similarly, under the entry “Pharaoh”, the British Museum Dictionary Of Ancient Egypt confirms that it was first used to refer to the king in the New Kingdom Period: Pharaoh: Term used regularly by modern writers to refer to the Egyptian king. The word is the Greek form of the ancient Egyptian phrase per-aa (‘the great house’) which was originally used to refer to the royal palace rather than the king. The ‘great house’ was responsible for taxation of the lesser ‘houses’ (perw), such as the temple lands and private estates. From the New Kingdom (1550-1069 BC) onwards, the term was used to refer to the king himself.

 Scholars have tried to find the period occupied by Moses in history and have placed him at various points within the New Kingdom. According to the Dictionary Of Proper Names And Places In The Bible, under “Moses”: Moses career unfolds ca. 1250, the date generally accepted for the Exodus.
Similarly, the Encyclopedia Judaica describes Moses as a: … leader, prophet, and lawgiver (first half of the 13th century BC).

 Professor Emeritus of Egyptology Kenneth Kitchen dates the story to the Second Intermediate Period (c. 1674-1553 BCE) during the time of the Hyksos based on the evidence from the book of Genesis and comparing it with ancient Egyptian history. He as stated "Egypt’s stability was weakening and that the second intermediate period of weakness (1750-1570 B.C.) was about to begin. During this time of weakness, many non-Egyptians entered the country. A group called the Hyksos (“ruler from a foreign land”) took control of the nation. Joseph’s rise to an important position in the house of Potiphar (Genesis 39) and his appointment to the task of collecting grain during the years of plenty (Genesis 41) were possible because other foreigners had significant places in the Hyksos government." The entry of Joseph in Egypt can be dated to the Second Intermediate Period (c. 1674-1553 BCE), a time when the Hyksos ruled Egypt. The Biblical Scripture uses the title “Pharaoh” to refer to the Egyptian ruler in the stories of Moses, Joseph and even as far back as Abraham! In several chapters of Genesis on can find the same error frequently recurring – some ninety-six times in total. What is clear is that the biblical writers composed their texts under the influences of the knowledge of their time, when the king of Egypt was usually designated as “Pharaoh”.

 The Interpreter’s Dictionary Of The Bible explains the reasons of such discrepancies with modern knowledge: The frank attitude toward the stories about Egypt in Genesis and Exodus is that folk memory had retained the essentials of great Hebrew experience but had later clothed that memory with some details imperfectly recollected and some circumstantial details borrowed from later times and conditions.

 In Conclusion: The Bible does not distinguish a difference between a sovereign ruler of ancient Egypt and a Pharaoh. 

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